Zvinoenderana nemaitiro ekugadzirira emhando dzematurusi emuchina, maturusi emuchina akakamurwa kuita zvikamu gumi nerimwe: lathes, muchina wekuchera, muchina unofinha, muchina wekukuya, magiya ekugadzira magiya, muchina wekurutsa, muchina wekugaya, planer slotting machine, machini ekubhuroka, machira ekucheka nezvimwe. muchina zvishandiso.Mune imwe neimwe mhando yemuchina wemuchina, yakakamurwa kuita mapoka akati wandei zvichienderana nehurongwa hwekuita, rudzi rwekuronga uye kuita kwemaitiro, uye boka rega rega rakakamurwa kuita akati wandei.Nhasi, mupepeti achataura newe nezve nhoroondo dzenyaya dzemachira, michina inofinha nemichina yekugaya.
1. Lathe
Lathe mudziyo wemuchina unonyanya kushandisa chishandiso chinotenderedza kushandura chinotenderera chebasa.Pane lathe, zvibooreso, reamers, reamers, matepi, anofa uye knurling maturusi anogona zvakare kushandiswa kuenderana kugadzirisa.Lathes anonyanya kushandiswa kugadzira shafts, discs, sleeve uye mamwe maworkpiece ane inotenderera nzvimbo, uye ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa mhando yematurusi emuchina mukugadzira michina uye kugadzirisa zvitoro.
1. “Mushonga weuta” wezvidhori zvekare neuta.Kare seEgypt yekare, vanhu vakagadzira tekinoroji yekutenderedza huni nechishandiso vachiitenderedza ichitenderedza akisi yayo yepakati.Pakutanga, vanhu vaishandisa matanda maviri akamira sezvitsigiso kumisa huni kuti itendeuke, kushandisa simba remapazi kukungurutsira tambo pahuni, kudhonza tambo neruoko kana netsoka kutenderedza huni, uye kubata banga kuti riite. kucheka.
Iyi nzira yechinyakare yakashanduka zvishoma nezvishoma ikava mitsetse miviri kana mitatu yetambo pamhuno, tambo inotsigirwa patsvimbo elastic yakakombamira kuita seuta, uye uta hunosundirwa nekudhonzwa kumashure nekudzoka kutenderedza chinhu chagadziridzwa. kutendeuka, inova "bow lathe".
2. Medieval crankshaft uye flywheel drive "pedal lathe".MuMiddle Ages, mumwe munhu akagadzira “pedal lathe” yaishandisa pedal kutenderedza crankshaft uye kutyaira vhiri reflywheel, obva aityaira kuenda kugomba guru kuti ritenderere.Pakati pezana remakore rechi16, mumwe mugadziri wechiFrench anonzi Besson akagadzira lathe yekutenderedza screws ne screw rod kuti mudziyo utsvedzerere.Nehurombo, iyi lathe haina kufarirwa.
3. Muzana remakore rechigumi nemasere, mabhokisi emubhedha uye chucks akaberekwa.Muzana ramakore rechi 18, mumwe munhu akagadzira lathe inoshandisa chitsiko chetsoka netsvimbo yekubatanidza kutenderedza crankshaft, iyo inogona kuchengeta kutenderera kwekinetic simba paflywheel, uye yakagadziridzwa kubva pakutenderedza workpiece kuenda kumusoro unotenderera, unova Iyo chuck yekubata workpiece.
4. Muna 1797, murungu anonzi Maudsley akagadzira epoch-making tool post lathe, ine siruuru yokutungamirira chaiyo uye magiya anochinjika.
Maudsley akaberekwa muna 1771, uye pazera remakore 18, akanga ari murume wekurudyi wemuvambi Brammer.Zvinonzi Brammer akanga agara ari murimi, uye paakanga ava nemakore 16, tsaona yakakonzera kuremara gumbo rake rekurudyi, saka aifanira kuchinjira kuita zvehuni, izvo zvakanga zvisinganyanyi kufamba.Chaakatanga kugadzirwa chaive chimbuzi chekugezesa muna 1778. Maudsley akatanga kubatsira Brahmer kugadzira hydraulic presses nemimwe michina kusvika abva kuBrahmer aine makore makumi maviri nematanhatu, nekuti Brahmer akaramba zvine hutsinye chirevo chaMoritz chekukumbira kuwedzerwa kwemuhoro pamusoro pemashirini makumi matatu pasvondo.
Mugore rimwe chete iro Maudsley akabva kuBrammer, akavaka tambo yake yekutanga lathe, simbi-yesimbi ine chibatiso uye tailstock inokwanisa kufamba nenjanji mbiri dzakafanana.Iyo inotungamira pamusoro penjanji yegwara ine katatu, uye kana spindle ichitenderera, iyo lead screw inotyairwa kufambisa chibatiso chemidziyo nechemberi.Iyi ndiyo nzira huru yemazuva ano lathes, iyo yakanyatso simbi screws yepitch ipi zvayo inogona kushandurwa.
Makore matatu gare gare, Maudsley akavaka lathe yakazara muwekishopu yake, aine magiya anochinjika ayo akachinja mwero wekudya uye kukwirira kwetambo dziri kugadzirwa.Muna 1817, mumwe murungu, Roberts, akatora nhanho ina-nhanho uye vhiri rekumashure kuti achinje kumhanya kwespindle.Nenguva isipi, marashi akakura akatangwa, ayo akabatsira mukugadzirwa kweinjini yechitsinga nemimwe michina.
5. Kuberekwa kwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzelathes Kuti vavandudze dhigirii rekugadzira uye automation, Fitch muUnited States yakagadzira turret lathe muna 1845;muna 1848, tambo yevhiri yakaonekwa muUnited States;muna 1873, Spencer muUnited States akaita shaft imwe Automatic lathes, uye nokukurumidza akaita matatu-akisi otomatiki lathes;pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20 kwakaonekwa lathes ane magiya ekufambisa achifambiswa nemamotor akasiyana.Nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwesimbi yepamusoro-yekumhanya uye kushandiswa kwemagetsi emagetsi, lathes akaenderera mberi achivandudzwa uye pakupedzisira akasvika padanho remazuva ano rekumhanya kukuru uye nekurongeka kwakanyanya.
Mushure meHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, nekuda kwezvinodiwa zvemaoko, mota uye mamwe maindasitiri emuchina, akasiyana-siyana epamusoro-anoshanda otomatiki lathes uye akasarudzika lathes akagadzirwa nekukurumidza.Kuti uvandudze kugadzirwa kwezvimedu zvidiki zvezvishandiso, mukupera kwema1940, lathes ane hydraulic profiling zvishandiso akasimudzirwa, uye panguva imwecheteyo, akawanda-tool lathes akagadzirwa zvakare.Mukati memakore ekuma1950, marashi anodzorwa nepurogiramu ane makadhi epunch, mahwendefa echirairo uye dials akagadzirwa.CNC tekinoroji yakatanga kushandiswa mumachira muma1960 uye yakagadziridzwa nekukurumidza mushure memakore ekuma1970.
6. Lathes yakakamurwa kuva marudzi akasiyana-siyana maererano nekushandisa kwavo uye mabasa.
Iyo yakajairwa lathe ine huwandu hwakasiyana hwekugadzirisa zvinhu, uye gadziriso yemhando yekumhanyisa uye chikafu yakakura, uye inogona kugadzirisa mukati nekunze kwekunze, kupedzisa zviso uye mukati nekunze tambo dzeworkpiece.Iyi mhando yelathe inonyanya kushandiswa nemaoko nevashandi, ine yakaderera kugadzirwa kwekubudirira, uye yakakodzera kune imwechete-chidimbu, diki-batch kugadzirwa uye kugadzirisa workshops.
Turret lathes uye rotary lathes ine turret chishandiso kuzorora kana rotary chishandiso kuzorora chinogona kubata akawanda maturusi, uye vashandi vanogona kushandisa akasiyana maturusi kupedzisa akasiyana maitiro mune imwe clamping yeworkpiece, iyo yakakodzera kugadzirwa kwakawanda.
Iyo otomatiki lathe inogona otomatiki kupedzisa kuwanda-maitiro kugadzirisa kwezvidiki uye zvepakati-saizi workpieces zvinoenderana neimwe chirongwa, inogona kurodha uye kuburitsa zvinhu, uye kugadzirisa batch yeamwechete maworkpieces kakawanda, ayo akakodzera kugadzirwa kwakawanda.
Multi-tool semi-otomatiki lathes yakakamurwa kuita imwechete-axis, yakawanda-axis, yakatwasuka uye yakatwasuka.Kurongeka kweiyo single-axis horizontal type yakafanana neyeyakajairwa lathe, asi iwo maviri seti ezvigadziro zvekushandisa akaiswa kumberi nekumashure kana kumusoro nekudzika kweiyo shaft huru, zvichiteerana, uye anoshandiswa kugadzira madhisiki. zvindori uye shaft workpieces, uye kugadzirwa kwavo kwakakwira 3 kusvika ku5 zvakapetwa kupfuura izvo zvakajairika lathes.
Iyo profiling lathe inogona kuzadzisa otomatiki kutenderera kwechishandiso nekutevedzera chimiro uye saizi yetemplate kana sampuli.Iyo inokodzera batch diki uye batch kugadzirwa kweworkpieces ane maumbirwo akaomarara, uye kugadzirwa kwacho kwakapetwa ka10 kusvika ku15 kwakakwira kupfuura kuya kweakajairika lathes.Kune akawanda-zvishandiso anobata, akawanda-axis, chuck mhando, vertical mhando uye mamwe marudzi.
Iyo spindle yeiyo vertical lathe inotenderera kune yakachinjika ndege, iyo workpiece inosungirirwa pane yakachinjika inotenderera tafura, uye iyo yekushandisa inosara inofamba padanda kana koramu.Yakakodzera kugadzirisa mahombe, anorema workpieces ayo akaoma kuisa pane akajairwa lathes.Kazhinji, ivo vakakamurwa kuita mapoka maviri: single-column uye kaviri-column.
Nepo foshoro zino rezino riri kutendeuka, chibatiso chinopota chichidzokororwa munzira yeradial, iyo inoshandiswa kugadzira mazino efoshoro anocheka, kucheka hob, nezvimwewo mota yemagetsi inobvisa mazino pamusoro.
Specialized lathes machira anoshandiswa muchina chaiwo nzvimbo dzemamwe marudzi ebasa, senge crankshaft lathes, camshaft lathes, mavhiri lathes, axle lathes, roll lathes, uye ingot lathes.
Iyo lathe yakasanganiswa inonyanya kushandiswa kushandura kugadzirisa, asi mushure mekuwedzera zvimwe zvakakosha zvikamu uye zvishongedzo, inogona zvakare kuita zvinofinha, kugaya, kudhirowa, kuisa, kugaya uye kumwe kugadzirisa.Iyo ine hunhu hwe "muchina mumwe une akawanda mabasa" uye inokodzera mainjiniya mota, ngarava kana nhare Kugadzirisa basa pachiteshi chekugadzirisa.
2. Boring muchina
Kunyangwe indasitiri yewekishopu iri kumashure zvishoma, yakadzidzisa nekugadzira mhizha dzakawanda.Kunyange zvazvo vasiri nyanzvi mukugadzira michina, vanogona kugadzira marudzi ose ezvishandiso zvamaoko, zvakadai semapanga, masaha, Tsono, zviboorera, makoni, magiya, mashafu, maoko, magiya, mafuremu emubhedha, zvichingodaro, chaizvoizvo, michina inounganidzwa. kubva kumativi aya.
1. Mugadziri wekutanga wemuchina unofinha - Da Vinci boring machine inozivikanwa se "Amai veMichina".Kutaura nezvemakina anofinha, isu tinofanirwa kutaura nezvaLeonardo da Vinci kutanga.Uyu munhu ane mukurumbira anogona kunge ari mugadziri wemichina yekare inofinha yekugadzira simbi.Muchina unofinha waakagadzira unofambiswa ne hydraulic kana tsoka pedal, chishandiso chinofinha chinotenderera padhuze neworkpiece, uye workpiece inoiswa patafura inofambiswa ne crane.Muna 1540, mumwe muvendi akapenda mufananidzo we "Pyrotechnics" nemufananidzo wakafanana wemuchina unofinha, wakashandiswa kupedzisa magomba panguva iyoyo.
2. Muchina wekutanga unofinha wakazvarwa kuti ugadzirwe zvigubhu zvecannon (Wilkinson, 1775).Muzana remakore rechi17, nekuda kwezvido zvehondo, kugadzirwa kwekanoni kwakakurumidza zvikuru, uye nzira yekugadzira bhodhoro rekanoni rakava dambudziko guru iro vanhu vaida kukurumidza kugadzirisa.
Muchina wekutanga wepasi rose unofinha wakagadzirwa naWilkinson muna 1775. Muchina unofinha waWilkinson, kutaura chokwadi, muchina wekuchera unokwanisa kugadzira makanoni chaiwo, simbi isina simbi inobhowa yakasungirirwa pamabhengi kumativi ese ari maviri.
Akazvarwa muAmerica muna 1728, Wilkinson akatamira kuStaffordshire aine makore makumi maviri kuti avake choto chekutanga chesimbi chaBilston.Nechikonzero ichi, Wilkinson akanzi "Master Blacksmith weStaffordshire".Muna 1775, pazera remakore makumi mana nemanomwe, Wilkinson akashanda nesimba pafekitari yababa vake kugadzira muchina mutsva uyu waigona kuboora madhiramu emakangoni nenzira isingawanzoitiki.Sezvineiwo, pashure pokunge Wilkinson afa muna 1808, akavigwa mubhokisi resimbi rakaumbwa remagadzirirwo ake.
3. Muchina unofinha wakaita mupiro unokosha kuWatt's steam engine.Mhepo yekutanga yeRevolution Revolution ingadai isina kuitika pasina injini yemhepo.Nekusimudzira uye kushandiswa kweinjini yemhepo pachayo, mukuwedzera kune inodiwa mikana yemagariro, zvimwe zvinodikanwa zvehunyanzvi hazvigone kuregererwa, nekuti kugadzira zvikamu zveinjini yeutsi hakusi nyore sekucheka huni nemuvezi.Izvo zvinodikanwa kugadzira mamwe akakosha simbi zvidimbu chimiro, uye iyo yekururamisa zvinodiwa zvakakwirira, izvo zvisingakwanisi kuwanikwa pasina inoenderana tekinoroji michina.Semuenzaniso, mukugadzirwa kwecylinder uye piston yeinjini yemhepo, kurongeka kwedhayamita yekunze inodiwa mukugadzirwa kwepiston inogona kutemwa kubva kunze uku ichiyera ukuru, asi kuti isangane nekururama zvinodiwa zvemukati. dhayamita yehumburumbira, hazvisi nyore kushandisa zvakajairika nzira dzekugadzirisa..
Smithton aive akanakisa mechanic wezana ramakore regumi nemasere.Smithton akagadzira anosvika makumi mana nematatu ezvimedu zvemvura uye mhepo yemhepo.Kana zvasvika pakugadzira injini yemhepo, chinhu chakaomesesa kuna Smithon kwaive kugadzira silinda.Zvakanyanya kuoma kugadzira silinda hombe yemukati denderedzwa kuita denderedzwa.Kuti izvi zviitike, Smithton akagadzira yakakosha muchina chishandiso chekucheka silinda yemukati madenderedzwa kuCullen Iron Works.Rudzi urwu rwemuchina unofinha, uyo unofambiswa nevhiri remvura, wakashongedzerwa nechishandiso kumucheto kweakisisi yayo refu, uye chishandiso chinogona kutenderedzwa muhumburumbira kuti igadzirise denderedzwa rayo remukati.Sezvo chishandiso chakaiswa kumberi kweiyo shaft refu, pachava nezvinetso zvakaita senge shaft deflection, saka zvakaoma kwazvo kugadzira silinda yedenderedzwa chaiyo.Kuti izvi zviitike, Smithton aifanira kushandura nzvimbo yehumburumbira kakawanda pakugadzira.
Muchina unofinha wakagadzirwa naWilkinson muna 1774 wakaita basa guru mudambudziko iri.Rudzi urwu rwemuchina unobhowa unoshandisa vhiri remvura kutenderedza silinda yechinhu uye nekuisundira yakananga kune yakagadziriswa chishandiso pakati.Nekuda kwekufamba kwehukama pakati pechishandiso uye zvinhu, zvinhu zvinobhowa kupinda mugomba recylindrical rine hupamhi hwepamusoro.Panguva iyoyo, muchina unofinha wakashandiswa kugadzira silinda ine dhayamita 72 masendimita mukati meukobvu hwesikisipence coin.Kuyerwa nehunyanzvi hwemazuva ano, ichi chikanganiso chikuru, asi pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu panguva iyoyo, zvaive zvisiri nyore kusvika padanho iri.
Zvisinei, kugadzirwa kwaWilkinson kwakanga kusina patent, uye vanhu vakaikopa ndokuiisa.Muna 1802, Watt akanyorawo nezve kugadzirwa kwaWilkinson, kwaakakopa pane ake Soho ironworks.Gare gare, Watt paakagadzira masilinda nemapistoni einjini inopfungaira, akashandisawo muchina uyu unoshamisa weWilkinson.Zvakazoitika kuti kune piston zvinokwanisika kuyera saizi paunenge uchicheka, asi haisi nyore kune silinda, uye muchina unofinha unofanirwa kushandiswa.Panguva iyoyo, Watt akashandisa vhiri remvura kutenderedza humburumbira yesimbi, zvekuti mudziyo wepakati wakasundirwa mberi kuti ucheke mukati mehumburumbira.Nekuda kweizvozvo, kukanganisa kwecylinder ine dhayamita ye75 inches yaive shoma pane ukobvu hwemari.Zviri mberi zvikuru.
4. Kuzvarwa kwemuchina wekusimudza tafura (Hutton, 1885) Mumakumi emakore akatevera, kuvandudzwa kwakawanda kwakaitwa kumuchina unofinha waWilkinson.Muna 1885, Hutton kuUnited Kingdom akagadzira muchina unofinha wetafura, unova mufananidzo wemuchina wemazuva ano unofinha.
3. Muchina wekugaya
Muzana ramakore re19th, maBritish akagadzira muchina unofinha uye planer yezvinodiwa zveshanduko yeindasitiri senge injini yemhepo, nepo maAmerican ainyanya kufunga nezvekugadzirwa kwemuchina wekugaya kuitira kugadzira nhamba huru yezvombo.Muchina wekugaya muchina une milling cutters yemhando dzakasiyana, inogona kucheka maworkpiece ane akakosha maumbirwo, senge helical grooves, magiya maumbirwo, nezvimwe.
Kare muna 1664, musayendisiti wekuBritain Hook akagadzira muchina wekucheka nekuvimba nevacheki vanotenderera.Izvi zvinogona kutorwa semuchina wekugayo, asi panguva iyoyo nzanga haina kupindura nechido.Mumakore ekuma1840, Pratt akagadzira inodaidzwa kuti Lincoln muchina wekugaya.Ehe, iye akanyatso simbisa chimiro chemichina yekugaya mukugadzira muchina aive American Whitney.
1. Muchina wekutanga wekugaya (Whitney, 1818) Muna 1818, Whitney akagadzira muchina wekugaya wekutanga pasi rose, asi patent yemuchina wekugaya yaive yeBritish Bodmer (ine mudziyo wekudyisa).Muvambi wegantry planer) "akawana" muna 1839. Nekuda kwekudhura kwemichina yekugaya, pakanga pasina vanhu vakawanda vaifarira panguva iyoyo.
2. Muchina wekugayo wekutanga wepasi rose (Brown, 1862) Mushure menguva yekunyarara, muchina wekugaya wakatanga kushanda zvakare muUnited States.Kusiyana neizvi, Whitney naPratt vanogona kungonzi vakateya hwaro hwekugadzirwa nekushandiswa kwemuchina wekugaya, uye chikwereti chekugadzira muchina wekugaya unogona kushandiswa kune akasiyana maoperation mufekitori inofanira kunzi ndeyeinjiniya wekuAmerica. Joseph Brown.
Muna 1862, Brown muUnited States akagadzira muchina wekugaya wekutanga pasi rose, inova tsvakiridzo yemazuva ano mukupihwa kwemadhisiki euniversal indexing discs uye yakazara milling cutter.Tafura yemuchina wepasi rose wekugaya inogona kutenderedza imwe kona munzira yakachinjika, uye ine zvishongedzo zvakaita semusoro wekupedzisira.“Muchina wake wose wokugaya” wakabudirira zvikuru pawakaratidzirwa paParis Exposition muna 1867. Panguva imwe cheteyo, Brown akagadzirawo chigayo chine chimiro chakaita kuti chisakanganiswa pashure pokukuya, ndokuzogadzira muchina wokukuya. cutter, kuunza muchina wekugaya kusvika padanho razvino.
Nguva yekutumira: Jun-02-2022